Astro Boy is a television series first broadcast in Japan from 1963 to 1966. The story follows the adventures of a robot boy and a selection of other characters along the way.

Astro Boy is the first Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiarized as anime. It originated as a manga in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, who is often reputed as the "god of manga". After enjoying success abroad, Astro Boy was remade in the 1980s as Shin Tetsuwan Atomu, known as Astroboy in the United States and other Western countries, and again in 2003. For a time, Astro Boy enjoyed a level of popularity in Japan equivalent to Disney's image character Mickey Mouse.

Originally, NBC wanted to air the show under an English translation of the Japanese title "Tetsuwan Atomu" or "Mighty Atom". However, DC Comics had a magazine at the time called The Mighty Atom, and skittish network lawyers therefore requested a name change to forestall a lawsuit by DC.

Although originally intended only for the US airings of the show, the name "Astro Boy" proved to be popular among Japanese viewers as well, and so the names "Astro Boy" and "Tetsuwan Atomu" are interchangeable in Japan.